Upangiri Wosindikiza wa Flatbed wa UV: Zida, Malire a Makulidwe, Mayendedwe a Ntchito & ROI

A UV flatbed printerimaika UV{{0}inki yochirikizidwa molunjika pagawo losasunthika ndikuchiritsa nthawi yomweyo ndi nyali za LED kapena mercury UV - popanda nthawi yowuma, sitepe yosinthira, palibe mbale. Bukuli lili ndi zonse zomwe wogula kapena wopanga makina amafunikira asanachite: zida zomwe zimasindikizidwa bwino komanso zomwe zimafunikira kusamaliridwa bwino, makulidwe enieni ndi malire opindika, momwe angakhazikitsire mbali zofananira, ngati axis yozungulira ikufunika, momwe flatbed imafananizira ndi roll{3}}ku{4}}kugudubuza kuti igwire ntchito yolimba, ndi mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito makinawo.

Funso loyamba{0}}lomwe ogula amafunsa koyamba ndilakuti ngati flatbed imatha kusindikiza mapepala athyathyathya okha. Funso lothandiza kwambiri ndimomwe mungapitire kumtunda komwe mungapite uku mukusunga zabwino, zotulukapo ndi kudalirika- ndipo ili ndi mayankho manambala, zomwe ndi zomwe bukhuli likupereka.

Momwe Kusindikiza kwa UV Flatbed Kumagwirira Ntchito

Ochiritsira inki zouma ndi mayamwidwe kapena evaporation, amene malire kuti porous kapena TACHIMATA TV. Inkino ya UV imapanga ma polima nthawi yomwe imadutsa pansi pa nyali, kotero imakhala pamwamba pa galasi, chitsulo kapena mwala m'malo molowera mkati. Kusiyana kumodzi kumeneku ndi chifukwa chake makina amodzi amatha kukongoletsa plywood, galasi lotentha ndi aluminium anodised mofanana.

Kuchiritsa kwa UV kwakhala kosakhazikika chifukwa kumayenda bwino, kumakoka mphamvu zochepa, kumayatsa ndikuzimitsa nthawi yomweyo ndipo kumatha maola 10,000-20,000. Nyali za Mercury zimaperekabe mphamvu yochiritsa yaiwisi, koma kutentha kumawapangitsa kuti asagwirizane ndi mapulasitiki opyapyala, PVC yokulitsidwa ndi mapanelo laminated.

Ndi Zida Ziti Zomwe Printer ya UV Flatbed Ingasindikize?

M'malo moloweza mayina azinthu, magulu amagulu ndi mawonekedwe omwe amaneneratu kusindikizidwa - porosity, pamwamba mphamvu, transparency, kapangidwe ndi kulekerera kutentha.

Porous okhwima zipangizo

Birch plywood, MDF, matabwa olimba, nsungwi, nsungwi ndi matabwa opangidwa ndi matabwa amayamwa primer ndikupereka makina omatira bwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mapanelo amipando, zitseko zamakabati, zokongoletsa mkati, zowonetsera zamalonda ndi mphatso zamunthu. Njere yotseguka imafewetsa tsatanetsatane wa chithunzi, kotero chosindikizira mchenga chimakulitsa kuthwanima komanso kachulukidwe kamitundu.

Zosakhala{{0}zosalala zosalala

Kujambula ndi kutulutsa acrylic, magalasi oyandama ndi otenthedwa, kalilole, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu ya anodised, ACM, matailo a ceramic ndi porcelain zimadalira kumamatira kwamankhwala. Izi zimakhala ndi zikwangwani zomangika, zithunzi za mumyuziyamu, zikwangwani zakutsogolo kwa sitolo, mphotho ndi mapanelo okongoletsa makoma - ndipo ndi zinthu zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri zolimbikitsira.

Zida zamapulasitiki

Pepala la PVC, PVC yowonjezera (Sintra), polycarbonate, PETG, ABS ndi HIPS amapangidwira kuti asindikizidwe ndikukhalabe ma workhorses a North America kupanga chizindikiro chifukwa amaphatikiza kusindikiza kodalirika ndi mtengo wotsika.

Ma board opepuka owonetsera

Coroplast, bolodi la zisa, bolodi la thovu ndi masangweji ophatikizika a masangweji amapereka zikwangwani zogulitsa nyumba, zikwangwani za zochitika ndi zithunzi zowonetsa malonda. Zonse zimapindika, kotero kutsekereza -pansi kuyenera kudutsa pepala lonse.

Zinthu zowonekera

Clear acrylic, galasi, polycarbonate ndi PET sheet drive backlit sign, mabokosi owala, zithunzi zazenera ndi magawo. Njira ya inki yoyera imatengera mbali yomwe chidutswa chomalizidwacho chidzawonekere.

Kusankha kwazinthu kumasinthanso mawonekedwe omalizidwa. Galasi imapereka kuwala kwambiri komanso kumveka kwamtundu. Wood imapangitsa kuti njere zake ziwonekere pansi pa inki zowonekera kuti ziwonekere mwachilengedwe. Matte PVC amawerenga momveka bwino popanda kuwala konse. Aluminiyamu yopukutidwa imapanga zitsulo zoyera pamene zoyera zasiyidwa mwadala ku mbali zina za zojambulajambula.

Kukonzekera Pamwamba ndi Kumamatira

Zithunzi zabwino kwambiri sizitanthauza kanthu ngati inki ikukwera pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa. Kukonzekera ndiye chinthu chimodzi chachikulu pakukhalitsa-kwanthawi yayitali.

Wood ndi porous stock:mchenga wokhala ndi grit 220-320, phulitsa fumbi, ikani chosindikizira mchenga kapena chopangira matabwa, mchenga mopepukanso, ndi kusindikiza kamodzi kokha kouma.

Zitsulo:tsitsani ndi mowa wa isopropyl, gwiritsani ntchito acetone komwe kuli mafuta olemera, ndipo musakhudze malo oyeretsedwa ndi manja opanda kanthu. Zitsulo zovuta zimapindula ndi epoxy kapena polyurethane adhesion primers. Aluminiyamu ya anodised nthawi zambiri imachita bwino kuposa zosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa pamwamba pake imapereka zozikika zamakina.

Galasi ndi acrylic:yeretsani ndi mowa wa isopropyl kapena ammonia{{0}wotsuka magalasi opanda magalasi, ndipo pewani chilichonse chokhala ndi silikoni - chimawononga kumamatira. Galasi, acrylic ndi silane{3}zoyambira zonse zimagwira ntchito; Mafakitale ena amawonjezera kuwala kwa ma chemical etching kapena micro-abrasion.

Mapulasitiki otsika pansi:PE ndi PP ndi magawo omwe ali ovuta kwambiri. Corona, plasma kapena lawi lamoto ndikofunikira. Popanda izo, kumamatira kumalephera mosasamala kanthu za kuchiritsa zoikamo.

Musanatulutse zinthu zatsopano kuti zipangidwe, yambani kupukuta, kupaka mowa, kuyesa kodutsa-hatch ku ASTM D3359 ndi peel ya tepi. Izi zimatenga mphindi ndikugwira zolephera zomwe zikanawoneka chizindikirocho chikayikidwa.

Malire a Makina: Kukula kwa Bedi, Makulidwe ndi Kupindika

Cholepheretsa sichikhala mawonekedwe onse a gawo. Ndilo mtunda pakati pa mutu wosindikizira ndi malo enieni omwe akusindikizidwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa mtunda umenewo umasiyana pa chithunzicho.

Malo osindikizira

Mashopu aku North America amagula kwambiri makina a 4 × 8 ft chifukwa amafanana ndi makulidwe a acrylic, PVC, MDF ndi ACM omwe amatumizidwa kale.A3 UV chosindikizirandi kuwonjezera mphamvu kamodzi voliyumu ilungamitsidwa.

Makulidwe ndi Z-kuloledwa kwa axis

Makina olowera ndi apakati-nthawi zambiri amavomereza 50–100 mm ya zinthu zokhala ndi 100–120 mm ya chilolezo cha platen. Makina opangira ma media akuda - monga amkulu-chosindikizira cha A1 flatbed UV- amapitilira pamenepo, ndi mitundu ina yokhala ndi 300 mm kapena kupitilira apo. Nthawi zonse yang'anani Z-axis stroke pa chitsanzo chenichenicho osati gulu, ndipo yesani kuchokera pabedi mpaka pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito, osati pamalo osindikiza. Kulondola kwa malo nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa ± 0.05 mm ndi ± 0.10 mm.

Kupindika ndi kusiyana kwa mutu

Ma curve ofatsa amasindikiza mwachindunji. Ma radius akamalimba, madontho amasiya kutera molunjika kumtunda ndipo kuthwa konseku komanso kuchulukana kwamitundu kumatsika.

Pansi pa utali wozungulira wa 20 mm, kusindikiza kwa flatbed molunjika kumasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo axis yozungulira imakhala yankho lolondola. Kuthamanga pansi pa mpata wa 1 mm kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha mutu-kunyanyala, makamaka pa katundu wokhotakhota.

Kukonza Zigawo Zosakhazikika ndi Masilinda Osindikiza

Mashopu odziwa zambiri amawononga nthawi yambiri akupanga zosintha kuposa kusintha masinthidwe osindikizira, chifukwa mawonekedwe obwerezabwereza amapangitsa zokolola zambiri kuposa momwe ma driver amachitira.

Vacuum tablessuti pepala akiliriki, gulu zotayidwa, PVC bolodi ndi nsanganizo. Gwiritsani ntchito pafupifupi 60–80 kPa potengera zinthu zolimba, zotsika pamagalasi osalimba, apamwamba pa mbale zolemera - ndipo tsimikizirani kuti kugwira mwamphamvu kuli kudera lonselo, osati pafupi ndi madoko okha.

Zosintha zamakinagwirani magawo opangidwa ndi jekeseni, zida zamagalimoto, nyumba zamagetsi ndi magawo osagwirizana ndi mafakitale. Madowel pin, reference edges, nsagwada zofewa, masika-zotsekera zodzaza ndi zolumikizira za silikoni zimagwira ntchito; cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuyenda popanda kusokoneza gawolo. Pakuyitanitsa kubwereza, sungani kulolerana kwazitsulo mkati mwa ± 0.1 mm ndikugwiritsa ntchito zikhomo zolimba.

Opanga ambiri tsopano akuwonetsa zosintha mu CAD ndikuzipanga ndi makina a CNC kapena kusindikiza kwa 3D. Zolowetsa zosinthika, kusintha kutalika, -zotsekera zotsekera mwachangu, matchanelo ovundikira ophatikizika ndi ma modular locatoring pins amatembenuza-chinthu chimodzi kukhala chinthu chogwiritsidwanso ntchito chomwe chimachepetsa nthawi yokhazikitsanso nthawi iliyonse.

Mukafuna olamulira ozungulira

Mabotolo, ma tumblers, makandulo, mapaipi ndi makapu amafunikira kasinthasintha kuti aziyenda pamagalimoto m'malo mozungulira bedi. Odziperekarotary UV botolo chosindikizirachimakwirira zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi zodzikongoletsera, pomwe cholumikizira chakunja chimakwanira masilinda akuluakulu ndi zodzigudubuza zamakampani. Sungani mozungulira kapena pansi pa 0.10 mm - kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono kakuwoneka ngati kusokonekera kowoneka - ndikuwongolera kuti milingo iliyonse yozungulira igwirizane ndi data yachithunzicho, kapena msoko umawonekera pomwe zojambulazo zimatsekeka.

Njira yothandiza yapakati: wopanga zinthu zotsatsira akusindikiza ma logo pamabotolo amadzi a aluminiyamu amadumphadumpha, pogwiritsa ntchito V-block fixture, mapini olembetsa ndi kusiyana kwa 2 mm. Malo osindikizidwa ndi opapatiza, kupotoza kumakhalabe kosasamala ndipo nthawi yozungulira imakhala yochepa. Zovala zonse zokha zimasunthidwa kucylindrical botolo chosindikizira.

Inki Yoyera, Varnish ndi Zowonjezereka

Makina amakono amasindikiza kwambiri kuposa CMYK. Inki yoyera imapereka maziko osawoneka bwino pazida zakuda, imakweza machulukitsidwe, ndikupangitsa mtundu wolondola kukhala wotheka pazigawo zomveka bwino. Kutsatizana kofala kumakhala koyera → CMYK, CMYK → woyera, ndi woyera → CMYK → zoyera kuti muwonere m'mbali-pawiri. Zigawo ziwiri zoyera zokhazikika bwino zimapitilira 90% opacity.

Khazikitsani zoyera ngati njira yodzipatulira muzojambula kuti RIP ipange mndandanda wolondola. Pitirizani kuyendetsa makina, gwedezani tsiku ndi tsiku ndikusindikiza mawonekedwe oyera nthawi zonse - ma pigment oyera amakhazikika mwachangu kuposa tchanelo china chilichonse ndipo ndichomwe chimachititsa kuti nozzles asiye.

Vanishi wowoneka bwino amawonjezera gloss, matte / gloss kusiyanitsa, chitetezo chambiri komanso mawonekedwe. Kuyika ma varnish odutsa kumapangitsa kutalika kwa tactile:

Pazigawo zosagwirizana kapena zokhotakhota, yang'anani malo omwe ali ndi kuwala kwa UV - komwe nyali simatha kufika pomwe pali inki, osamangika bwino komanso omwe amakonda kuzonda. Konzani pochepetsa liwiro lagalimoto, kuwonjezera ziphaso zochizira, kukweza mphamvu ya nyali, kuyikanso chinthucho, kapena kugawa zojambulazo kukhala ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

Standard Production Workflow

1. Kuyeretsa ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, yambani gawo lapansi; kulola kuyanika kwathunthu.
2. Ikani choyikacho pa vacuum table ndikuyikapo zikhomo.
3. Khazikitsani chogwirira ntchito pamphepete ndikuyika vacuum.
4. Yezerani malo apamwamba kwambiri a gawolo ndikuyika kusiyana kwa mutu.
5. Yang'anani m'mphuno ndi kusindikiza poyesa malo.
6. Sindikizani zoyera, chiritsani, sindikizani CMYK, chiritsani.
7. Ikani varnish ngati pakufunika, ndiye kuchiritsa komaliza.
8. Yesani kumamatira ndi mtanda-chiwale ndi zopaka mowa musanatulutse batch.
9. Lolani gawolo kuti lizizire musanayambe kulongedza.

10. Kukhazikitsa	Poyambira
    Kusamvana	600 × 900 dpi
    -zapamwamba kwambiri	720 × 1200 dpi
    Kusiyana kwamutu	2.0 mm
    Mphamvu ya nyale ya UV	70–90%
    Inki yoyera	Zigawo ziwiri pagawo lakuda kapena lowonekera

Chitani izi ngati zoyambira ndikuyimba zoyeserera m'malo modalira zoyika kale. Dziwaninso kuti palibe mbiri ya ICC yomwe imagwira ntchito pagawo lililonse - pangani gawo limodzi-maprofailo enaake, gwiritsani ntchito milingo ya imvi, kutsimikizira ndi spectrophotometer, ndikuwonetsetsa momwe zinthu zikuyendera.

Kusaka zolakwika

Flatbed vs Roll-ku-Roll for Rigid Work

Matekinoloje onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito inki ya UV, koma amapangidwira malo osiyana. Bedi la flatbed limasindikiza molunjika pa zinthu zosasunthika. Makina-ku-kuyendetsa makina amatumiza zowulutsa zosinthika kudutsa mitu ndipo ikufunika chotengera, tebulo losamutsa kapena tebulo losakanikirana isanathe kukonza masitampu nkomwe.

Makina a Roll-amapambana pa ola limodzi, koma chiwerengerochi chimasocheretsa ntchito yokhazikika: flatbed imamaliza bolodi mwachangu-pamawu a wotchi chifukwa imachotsa kuyika, kuyimitsanso ndi{2}}kulembetsanso. Sankhani mpukutu-ku-kugudubuza kapena kusakanizidwa pamene zikwangwani zikuposa pafupifupi 70% ya zotulutsa, vinyl ilamulira kayendedwe ka ntchito, kapena mukufunikira maulendo aatali osalekeza. Masitolo omwe amasinthasintha pafupipafupi pakati pa matabwa olimba ndi ma roll media nthawi zambiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwiri, pogwiritsa ntchitomakina osindikizira a flatbedpazakudya zonenepa komanso zosungira-zambiri zamakanema ndi zikwangwani.

Kupititsa patsogolo, Mtengo ndi ROI

Zotulutsa zimatengera kusindikiza kwake: pafupifupi 20-60 m²/h pokonzekera, 10–25 m²/h pakupanga kokhazikika, ndi 5–10 m²/h mumtundu wapamwamba. Pazinthu zotsatsira zing'onozing'ono,{7}}zokonzedwa bwino-zokwera zimasuntha chiwerengerocho kuchoka pa zidutswa khumi pa ola kufika pamazana.

Mtengo wogula ndi kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka mtengo wamoyo wonse. Chitsanzo chowoneka bwino chimaphatikizapo inki, inki yoyera, vanishi, zoyambira, magetsi, kukonza, zosindikizira zosinthira, ntchito ya opareshoni, nthawi yocheperako ndi malo opitilira muyeso.

Pa ndalama zokwana madola 180,000 zomwe zimapanga zizindikiro 10,000 pachaka pa $ 30 phindu lonse, zopereka zapachaka zimakhala pafupifupi $300,000 ndipo malipiro amabwerera pakati pa miyezi 7 ndi 14 kutengera kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kaphatikizidwe kake. Inki yokhayo nthawi zambiri imakhala $0.10–0.60 pa phazi limodzi lalikulu pakuwala mpaka kuphimba pang'ono, isanakhale yoyera ndi vanishi.

Zosintha zimabwezera mwachangu kuposa makina. Wopanga wina yemwe amasindikiza zilembo zozungulira za aluminiyamu amadula khwekhwe kuchokera pa mphindi 15 kufika pa 5 pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodzipatulira, kuchepetsa zinyalala kuchokera pa 8% kufika pansi pa 2%, ndikukweza zotuluka tsiku lililonse ndi pafupifupi 40% - kubweza kwa miyezi yosachepera itatu pazida zokha.

Kukonza, Kukhalitsa ndi Chitetezo

Pazithunzi zolimba panja, gwiritsani ntchito inki zakunja-zovotera, thira vanishi woteteza kapena zokutira zooneka bwino, tsatirani zoyambira zovomerezeka pagawo lililonse, ndipo pewani -kuchiritsa - mwakachetechete kumawononga kumamatira komanso kupirira kwanyengo. Opanga amatsimikizira kulimba ndi nyengo yofulumira monga QUV kapena ASTM G154 pambali yomatira ndi kuyezetsa kukanda; ndi inki yoyenera, zoyambira ndi zokutira, zizindikiro zosindikizidwa zimakwaniritsa zaka zingapo za moyo wautumiki.

Pachitetezo: perekani mpweya wokwanira wa ozoni ndi kutulutsa mpweya, perekani magolovesi ndi chitetezo cha maso, zosungunulira zosungunulira ndi inki pamapepala awo a Chitetezo, tsimikizirani zokhoma zotsekera musanayambe kuthamanga kulikonse, sungani manja anu paulendo wapangolo, ndikuyima kwadzidzidzi nthawi zonse mogwirizana ndi malangizo a OSHA.

Pamene Ukadaulo Wina Ndi Wosankha Bwino

Mphotho makumi awiri zama acrylic ndi ntchito ya flatbed. Zipewa zapulasitiki zofananira mazana awiri ndi ntchito yosindikiza padi. Zikwi za ma jerseys a polyester ali pa sublimation. Zosankhazo ndi gawo laling'ono, kuchuluka kwake, zovuta zazithunzi ndi chuma chopanga - osati kusindikiza kokha.

Chidule

Makina osindikizira a UV flatbed ndi makina a lathyathyathya-, osati makina athyathyathya-wokha. Imagwira midadada yokhuthala, mapanelo opindika pang'onopang'ono, matabwa opangidwa ndi matabwa ndi nyumba zosakhazikika zokhala ndi zomangira zolondola, ndikukulunga masilinda athunthu kamodzi kozungulira kozungulira. Malire ake enieni ndi Z-kuloledwa kwa axis, utali wopindika pamwamba pafupifupi 150 mm, otsetsereka pansi pa madigiri 15, ndi kusiyana kwamutu kufupi ndi 2 mm. Chilichonse chopitilira pamenepo ndi vuto lokonzekera - ndipo kukonza ndizotheka.

Musanagwiritse ntchito zida kapena zinthu zatsopano, konzekerani tsiku limodzi kapena atatu kuti muyenerere kuyeserera: sindikizani pa gawo lanu lenileni, yesani kuyesa komatira ku hatch, -kutsimikizira kupenya koyera ndi kukana kukanda, ndikujambulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito inki ndi nthawi yozungulira. Zimawononga ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa kusindikizanso batch, ndipo zimatembenuza ROI kukhala yoyezera. Fananizani makulidwe a bedi, kutalika kosindikiza ndi masanjidwe onseZida zosindikizira za UVmotsutsana ndi katundu wanu wamasamba ndi gawo la geometry.

FAQ

Ndi zida ziti zomwe chosindikizira cha UV flatbed chingasindikizire?

Wood, MDF, plywood, acrylic, galasi, ceramic, miyala, aluminiyamu, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, PVC, Sintra, ACM, polycarbonate, Coroplast, bolodi la uchi, thovu, chikopa ndi makatoni. Mafilimu osinthika amatha kusindikizidwa pama board onyamula. Galasi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi ceramic yonyezimira nthawi zambiri zimafunikira chothandizira kumamatira.

Kodi gawo lapansi limatha kukhala lalitali bwanji?

Nthawi zambiri 50–100 mm pamakina okhazikika komanso mpaka 300 mm pamakina apamwamba-ochotsa zinthu. Yezerani kuchokera pabedi kufika pamwamba pa gawolo ndikuyerekeza ndi Z-axis stroke ya chosindikizira kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mutu wake wa makulidwe.

Kodi imatha kusindikiza pa zinthu zopindika kapena zosakhazikika?

Inde, ngati utali wopindika ukhala pamwamba pa pafupifupi 150 mm, otsetsereka amakhala pansi pa 15 digiri, ndipo kutalika konse kwa chithunzi chonse kumakhala mkati mwa mamilimita angapo. Zokhotakhota zolimba komanso zokutira zonse za digirii 360 zimafunikira cholumikizira chozungulira kapena chosindikizira cha silinda.

Ndiyenera kuyamba ndi kusiyana kotani?

2.0 mm. Makina ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale amagwira ntchito bwino pakati pa 1.5 ndi 3.0 mm; kutsika pansi pa 1.0 mm kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha mutu-kugunda pa katundu wopotoka kapena woponderezedwa.

Kodi ndingapeze bwanji mawonekedwe odalirika a inki yoyera?

Gwiritsani ntchito zigawo ziwiri zoyera pazigawo zakuda kapena zowonekera, chepetsani chonyamulira, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yakuchiritsa pakati pa madutsa. Khazikitsani zoyera ngati njira yodzipatulira mufayiloyo kuti RIP ipange mndandanda wolondola.

Kodi UV flatbed ili bwino kuposa roll-ku-kugudubuza pazinthu zolimba?

Kwa ntchito yolimba, inde. Flatbed imasindikiza zinthu zokhuthala mwachindunji, imalembetsa inki yoyera molondola ndikuchotsa gawo lokwera. Roll-ku-roll imalandira malo ake pazakanema zosinthika komanso nthawi yayitali; masitolo omwe amagwira ntchito zonse amapindula nthawi zonse ndi kayendedwe ka haibridi.

Ndi ndalama zingati kuyendetsa, ndipo kubweza ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Inki imayenda pafupifupi $0.10–0.60 pa phazi lalikulu limodzi powala mpaka pang'ono kuphimba koyera ndi vanishi, ndi mtengo wake wonse pachizindikiro cholimba pafupifupi $4.00 kuphatikiza ntchito ndi kukonza. Kubwezera pamakina apakati-nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa miyezi 7 ndi 14, chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuposa mtengo wogula.

Ndi mayeso ati omwe ndiyenera kufunsa ndisanavomereze kupanga?

Cross-hatch adhesion to ASTM D3359, weathering ikukwera kupita ku ASTM G154 pazogwiritsa ntchito panja, kuyezetsa mowa kuti muthe kuchira, komanso kuyesa kukana kukana - zonse zimachitidwa pagawo lanu lenileni, osati gulu lachitsanzo.